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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

By : Aris Wibowo(a11000615)

Medical terminology is a vocabulary for accurately describing the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and process in a science-based manner. It is to be used in the medical and nursing fields. This systematic approach to word building and term comprehension is based on the concept of: (1) word roots, (2) prefixes, and (3) suffixes. The word root is a term derived from a source language such as Greek or Latin and usually describes a body part. The prefix can be added in front of the term to modify the word root by giving additional information about the location of an organ, the number of parts, or time involved. Suffixes are attached to the end of a word root to add meaning such as condition, disease process, or procedure.

In the process of creating medical terminology, certain rules of language apply. These rules are part of language mechanics called linguistics. So, when a term is developed, some logical process is applied. The word root is developed to include a vowel sound following the term to add a smoothing action to the sound of the word when applying a suffix. The result is the formation of a new term with a vowel attached (word root + vowel) called a combining form. In English, the most common vowel used in the formation of the combining form is the letter -o-, added to the word root.

Prefixes do not normally require further modification to be added to a word root because the prefix normally ends in a vowel or vowel sound, although in some cases they may assimilate slightly and an in- may change to im- or syn- to sym-.

Suffixes are categorized as either (1) needing the combining form, or (2) not needing the combining form since they start with a vowel.

Decoding the medical term is an important process, (See: Morphology). Once experience is gained in the process of forming and decoding medical terminology, the process begins to make sense and becomes easier. One approach involves breaking down the word by evaluating the meaning of the suffix first, then prefix, and finally the word root. This will generally produce a good result for the experienced health care professional. When in doubt, the result should be verified by a medical terminology dictionary. The process of learning a new language, such as medical terminology, is a challenging, yet attainable goal as the basic rules—once learned—make the process easier. (See Applied Linguistics)

For example

• Aarskog syndrome

• Aarskog-Scott syndrome

• Aase-Smith syndrome I

• Aase-Smith syndrome II

• Abate

• Abatement

• Abbreviations, prescription

• Abdomen

• Abdomen, acute

• Abdominal

• Abdominal aneurysm

• Abdominal aorta

• Abdominal aortic aneurysm

• Abdominal cavity

• Abdominal guarding

• Abdominal hysterectomy

• Abdominal muscle deficiency syndrome

• Abdominal muscles

• Abdominal pain

• Abducent nerve

• Abduction

• Abductor muscle

• Abductor spasmodic dysphonia

• Aberration

• ABG (arterial blood gas)

• Abiological

• Abiotic

• Abiotrophy

• Ablate

• Ablation

• Ablation, endometrial

• Abnormal

• ABO blood group

• Abortifacient

• Abortion

• Abortion, artificial

• Abortion, habitual

• Abortion, induced

• Abortion, multiple

• Abortion, recurrent

• Abortion, spontaneous

• Abortion, therapeutic

• Abortive

• Abortive polio

• ABR (auditory brainstem response)

• ABR test

• Abraham-man

• Abrasion

• Abrin

• Baker cyst

• Baker's yeast

• Balance

• Balance, acid-base

• Balance, sense of

• Balanitis

• Balanitis, circinate

• Balanoposthitis

• Balantidiasis

• Balantidium

• Baldness

• Baldness, patchy

• Ball-and-socket joint

• Balloon angioplasty

• Balloon tamponade

• Bambino

• Ban zhi lian

• Band, chromosome

• Band, Q

• Banding of chromosomes

• Bannayan syndrome

• Bar chart

• Bar graph

• Barbara McClintock

• Barbat skullcap

• Barber itch

• Bariatric

• Bariatric physician

• Bariatric surgery

• Bariatrician

• Bariatrics

• Barium

• Barium enema

• Barium enema x-ray

• Barium solution

• Barium swallow

• Barker, Horace Albert

• Barlow syndrome

• Baroparesis

• Barosinusitis

• Barotitis

• Barotrauma

• Barotrauma, otic

• Barotrauma, sinus

• Barr body

• Barrett esophagus

• Barrett's esophagus

• Bartholin's glands

• Bartonella quintana

• Bartter syndrome

• Basal cell carcinoma

• Cal

• Cal (Calorie)

• Calabresi, Paul

• Calamine

• Calcaneal spur

• Calcaneocuboid joint

• Calcaneus

• Calcific bursitis

• Calcification

• Calcification, nonarteriosclerotic cerebral

• Calcified granuloma

• Calcimimetic

• Calcinosis

• Calcipotriene

• Calcitonin

• Calcitriol

• Calcium

• Calcium channel blocker

• Calcium deficiency

• Calcium excess

• Calculi

• Calculi, renal

• Calculus

• Calculus, renal

• Calefacient

• Calf

• Calf bone

• Caliciviridae

• Calicivirus

• Calipers

• Calipers, skin

• CALLA

• Callosity

• Callus

• Calor

• Calor, dolor, rubor, and tumor

• Calorie

• Camelpox

• Camisole

• cAMP-dependent protein kinase

• Camphechlor

• Campion, Thomas

• Campylobacter jejuni

• Campylobacteriosis

• Canavan disease

• Cancer

• Diabetic xanthoma

• Diabulimia

• Diachronic

• Diachronic study

• Diagnosis

• Diagnosis, differential

• Diagnosis, retrospective

• Diagnostic mammogram

• Dialectical behavioral therapy

• Dialysis

• Dialysis machine

• Dialysis, peritoneal

• Diaper rash

• Diaper rash, yeast

• Diaphragm (contraceptive)

• Diaphragm (muscle)

• Diaphragm pacing

• Diaphragmatic hernia

• Diaphragmatic pacing

• Diarrhea

• Diarrhea and dermatitis, zinc deficiency

• Diarrhea, antibiotic-induced

• Diarrhea, Brainerd

• Diarrhea, E. coli hemorrhagic

• Diarrhea, rotavirus

• Diarrhea, traveler's

• Diastole

• Diastolic

• Diastrophic dysplasia

• Diathermy

• Diathesis

• Dibenzoxazepine

• Dicentric chromosome

• Dicysteine

• Did not attend (DNA)

• DIDMOAD

• Dieldrin

• Emboli

• Embolism

• Embolism, crossed

• Embolism, Fat

• Embolism, paradoxical

• Embolism, pulmonary

• Embolization

• Embolus

• Embryo

• Embryonal carcinoma

• Embryonic hemoglobin

• Emergency birth control

• Emergency code

• Emergency contraception

• Emergency department

• Emergency medical technician

• Emergency physician

• Emergency postcoital contraception

• Fecal

• Fecal incontinence

• Fecal occult blood test

• Fecalith

• Feces

• Fecund

• Fecundity

• Federal Emergency Management Agency

• Fee for service

• Feed contaminant

• Feedback

• Feeding tube

• Feeding, breast

• Feet

• Felty syndrome

• Felty's syndrome

• FEMA

• Female

• Female condom

• Female external genitalia

• Female genitalia

• Female gonad

• Female internal genitalia

• Female organs of reproduction

• Female orgasmic dysfunction

• Female pelvis

• Female urethral meatus

• Female urethral opening

• Femara

• Femicide

• Femoral

• Femoral artery

• Femoral head, avascular necrosis of the

• Femoral vein

• Femur

• Fenestration

• Fenfluramine

• Ferritin

• Ferrocalcinosis, cerebrovascular

• Ferroniere

• General Clinical Research Center

• General paresis

• Generalized anxiety disorder

• Generalized tonic-clonic seizure

• Generic

• Generic drug

• Generic name, drug

• Genes

• Genes, breast cancer susceptibility genesis

• Genetic

• Genetic anticipation

• Genetic code

• Genetic counseling

• Genetic counselor

• Genetic discrimination

• Genetic disease

• Genetic immunodeficiency disease

• Genetic imprinting

• Genetic infantile agranulocytosis

• Genetic meltdown

• Genetic screening

• Genetic testing

• Genetic transformation

• Genetic transport defect

• Genetic transposition

• Genetics

• Genetics of Parkinson disease

• Genetics, forensic

• Genetics, transplantation

• Genital

• Genital herpes

• Genital wart

• Genitalia

• Genitalia, ambiguous

• Genitalia, female

• Genitalia, female external

• Hypercapnia

• Hypercarbia

• Hyperchloremia

• Hypercholesterolemia

• Hypercoagulability, estrogen-associated

• Hypercoagulable state

• Hyperconscious

• Hyperekplexia

• Hyperemesis gravidarum

• Hyperexplexia

• Hyperextensible

• Hyperglycemia

• Hyperglycemic response

• Hypergraphia

• Hypergraphic

• Hyperhidrosis

• Hyperhidrosis, axillary

• Hyperhidrosis, palmoplantar

• Hyperhidrotic

• Hyperkalemia

• Hyperlexia

• Hyperlipidemia

• Hypermagnesemia

• Hypermnesia

• Hypermobility syndrome

• Hypernatremia

• Hyperopia

• Hyperosmolar

• Hyperosmolarity

• Hyperostosis

• Hyperoxaluria

• Hyperparathyroidism

• Hyperphosphatemia

• Hyperpigmentation

• Hyperplasia

• Hyperplasia of the prostate, nodular

• Hyperplasia, benign prostatic

• Hyperplasia, endometrial

• Hypertension

• Immunogenetics

• Immunoglobulin

• Immunoglobulin A

• Immunoglobulin D

• Immunoglobulin E

• Immunoglobulin G

• Immunoglobulin M

• Immunologist

• Immunology

• Immunopig

• Immunosuppressant

• Immunosuppression

• Immunosuppressive

• Immunosuppressive agent

• Immunotherapy

• Immunotherapy, allergy

• Immunotoxin

• Impact

• Impaction, dental

• Impaired glucose tolerance

• Imperforate anus

• Impetigo

• Implant

• Implant, brainstem

• Implant, cochlear

• Implantable cardiac defibrillator

• Implantable pacemaker

• Implantation

• Implantation, seed

• Implicit memory

• Impotence

• Imprinting, genomic

• Imprinting, psychological

• Impulsivity

• Joint, knee

• Joint, patellofemoral

• Joint, shoulder

• Joint, temporomandibular

• Joint, TM

• Joints of the body, principal

• Jordi Casals-Ariet

• Joseph Warshaw

• Joshua Lederberg

• Journal of Clinical Investigation

• Journal of the American Medical Association

• Journal of the National Cancer Institute

• Journal, medical, first American

• Journals, medical

• Jugular

• Jugular vein

• Jugular vein, external

• Jugular vein, internal

• Julius Axelrod

• Jumper's knee

• Junctional epidermolysis bullosa

• Juncture

• June cold

• Junk DNA

• Jurisprudence, medical

• Juvenile

• Juvenile chronic arthritis, systemic-onset

• Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia

• Juvenile CML

• Juvenile diabetes

• Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis

• Kiddie cam

• Kiddie-cam

• Kiddiecam

• Kidney

• Kidney cancer

• Kidney Dis, Nat'l Inst of Diabetes and Digestive

• Kidney disease screening

• Kidney infection in children

• Kidney scoping

• Kidney stone

• Kidney stones, cystine

• Kidney transplant

• Kikuchi disease

• Kilobase

• Kilocalorie

• Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease

• Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome

• Kinder-cam

• Kindercam

• Kindred

• Kinesin

• Kinetic

• Kinetics

• King's evil

• Kingella kingae

• Kinky hair syndrome

• Kinome

• Kinsey Report

• Kinship

• Kirklin

• Kirklin, John W.

• Kiss

• Kissing bug

• Kissing disease

• Kit, disaster supplies

• Kit, emergency supplies

• Klebsiella

• Kleine-Levin syndrome

• Klinefelter syndrome

• LAC encephalitis

• Laceration

• Lacrimal

• Lacrimal gland

• Lacrimation

• LaCrosse encephalitis

• Lactase

• Lactase deficiency

• Lactate dehydrogenase

• Lactation

• Lactic acidosis

• Lactobacillus

• Lactobacillus acidophilus

• Lactose

• Lactose intolerance

• Lacuna

• LAM

• Lamarckism

• LAMB syndrome

• Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

• Lamella

• Lamin A

• Lamin A/C

• Lamina

• Laminaria

• Laminectomy

• Laminopathy

• LaMontagne

• Lancet

• Lancet device

• Lancet, The

• Lancing device

• Landau-Kleffner syndrome

• Landry ascending paralysis

• Landry's ascending paralysis

• Landslide injury

• Langer-Saldino type achondrogenesis

• Langerhans, islets of

• Lansing virus

• Lanugo

• Laparoscope

• Minor salivary gland

• Minot-Von Willebrand disease

• Miosis

• miRNA

• Mirror, mouth

• Miscarriage

• Miscarriage, multiple

• Mismatch repair

• Missense mutation

• Mite

• Mite, dust

• Mite-borne typhus

• Miticide

• Mitochondria

• Mitochondrial

• Mitochondrial cytopathy, Kearns-Sayre type

• Mitochondrial disease

• Mitochondrial DNA

• Mitochondrial encephalopathy, MELAS

• Mitochondrial genome

• Mitochondrial inheritance

• Mitochondrial myopathy

• Mitochondrion

• Mitosis

• Mitotic

• Mitotic nondisjunction

• Mitral insufficiency

• Mitral prolapse

• Mitral regurgitation

• Mitral valve

• Mitral valve prolapse

• Mittelschmerz

• Mixed bipolar state

• Mixed connective tissue disease

• Mixed mania

• Nerves, cranial

• Nervine

• Nervous colon syndrome

• Nervous system, autonomic

• Nervous system, central (CNS)

• Nervous system, human

• Nervous system, parasympathetic

• Nervous system, peripheral (PNS)

• Nervous system, sympathetic

• Nervus ulnaris

• Neti pot

• Neural

• Neural foramen

• Neural tube defect

• Neuralgia

• Neuralgia, ciliary

• Neuralgia, facial

• Neuralgia, migrainous

• Neuralgia, postherpetic

• Neuralgia, sphenopalatine

• Neuralgia, vidian

• Neuraminidase inhibitor

• Neurectomy

• Neurinoma, acoustic

• Neuritis

• Neurobiological disorder

• Neuroblastoma

• Neurocysticercosis

• Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation

• Neurodermatitis

• Neuroendocrine

• Neuroendocrine cancer of the skin

• Neuroendocrinology

• Neuroepithelial

• Osteoclasis

• Osteoclast

• Osteoclastoma

• Osteocyte

• Osteodystrophy

• Osteodystrophy, renal

• Osteogenesis

• Osteogenesis imperfecta

• Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita

• Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda

• Osteogenesis imperfecta type 1

• Osteogenesis imperfecta type 2

• Osteogenesis imperfecta with blue sclerae

• Osteogenesis, electrically stimulated

• Osteoid osteoma

• Osteology

• Osteolytic

• Osteolytic lesion

• Osteomalacia

• Osteomyelitis

• Osteonecrosis

• Osteopath

• Osteopathy

• Osteopenia

• Osteopetrosis

• Osteoporosis

• Osteosarcoma

• Osteosynthesis

• Osteotomy

• Osteotomy, block

• Osteotomy, cuneiform

• Osteotomy, displacement

• Ostomy

• Oswald Theodore Avery

• Pericardial sac

• Pericardial tamponade

• Pericarditis

• Pericardium

• Pericardium, parietal

• Pericardium, visceral

• Pericentric chromosome inversion

• Perichondrial

• Perichondritis

• Perichondrium

• Perichondroma

• Perilingual

• Perimenopause

• Perinatal

• Perinatal transmission

• Perinatologist

• Perinatology

• Perineal

• Perineal prostatectomy

• Perineum

• Period, gestation

• Period, incubation

• Periodic abstinence

• Periodic breathing

• Periodic fever

• Periodontal

• Periodontal disease

• Periodontics

• Periodontitis

• Perionychia

• Perionychium

• Perioperative

• Periosteal

• Periosteoma

• Periosteum

• Periostitis

• Periostoma

• Peripheral

• Peripheral artery disease

• Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

• Queasy

• Queensland tick typhus

• Quickening

• Quiescence

• Quiescent

• Quinacrine

• Quincke's disease

• Quinine

• Quinquagenarian

• Quinsy

• Quintan fever

• Quintox

• Quotidian

• Resistance, aspirin

• Resistance, insulin

• Resistance, pulmonary

• Resistance, vascular

• Resolution

• Resorb

• Resorption

• Respiration

• Respiratory

• Respiratory disease, acute

• Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

• Respiratory distress syndrome, acute

• Respiratory failure

• Respiratory insufficiency

• Respiratory papillomatosis, recurrent

• Respiratory rate

• Respiratory syncytial virus

• Respiratory system

• Respiratory therapist

• Respiratory therapy

• Response, Babinski

• Response, hyperglycemic

• Response, plantar

• Rest

• Restenosis

• Resting phase

• Restitution

• Restless leg syndrome

• Restless legs

• Restriction endonuclease

• Restriction enzyme

• Restriction fragment length polymorphism

• Restriction map

• Restriction site

• Resuscitate

• Resuscitation

• Resveratrol

• Sjogren syndrome

• Sjogren-Larsson syndrome

• SJS

• Skeletal

• Skeletal dysplasia

• Skeletal muscle

• Skeleton

• Skeleton, bones of the

• Skin

• Skin abscess

• Skin biopsy

• Skin calipers

• Skin color

• Skin Diseases, National Institute of...

• Skin erosion

• Skin graft

• Skin graft, allogeneic

• Skin graft, autogenic

• Skin graft, composite

• Skin graft, full-thickness

• Skin graft, mesh

• Skin graft, pedicle

• Skin graft, pinch

• Skin graft, porcine

• Skin graft, split-thickness

• Skin plaque

• Skin tag

• Skin test for allergy

• Skin test for immunity

• Skin, scalded, syndrome

• Skin, tattooing of the

• Skittles

• Skittling

• Skull

• Skull, hair-on-end

• Skullcap

• Skute barbata

• SKY (spectral karyotype)

• Slake

• Trabecula

• Trachea

• Trachelectomy

• Tracheoesophageal puncture

• Tracheostomy

• Tracheostomy button

• Tracheostomy tube

• Trachoma

• Traction

• Traction, orthopedic

• Traditional Chinese medicine

• Traditional midwife

• Traditional oriental medicine

• Training, cross

• Trait

• Trait, dominant lethal

• Trait, sickle cell

• Tranquilizer

• Trans fat

• Trans fatty acid

• Trans- (prefix)

• Transaminase biochemistry

• Transaminase clinical usage

• Transaminase nomenclature

• Transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic

• Transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic (SGPT)

• Transcranial

• Transcranial magnetic stimulation

• Transcription

• Transcription factor

• Transcriptome

• Transcriptomics

• Transdifferentiation

• Transducer

• Uricaciduria

• Uridine monophosphate

• Urinalysis

• Urinary

• Urinary calculus

• Urinary incontinence

• Urinary infection in children

• Urinary tract

• Urinary tract infection

• Urinary tract infection in children

• Urinary urgency

• Urination, burning

• Urination, difficulty

• Urination, painful

• Urine

• Urine blood

• Urine hemoglobin

• Urine infection in children

• Urine pH

• UROD

• UROD deficiency

• Urogastrone

• Urogenital

• Urography

• Urolithiasis

• Urological surgeon

• Urologist

• Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

• Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency

• Urothelium

• Urticaria

• Urticaria pigmentosa

• Vagina

• Vagina, septate

• Vaginal birth after Cesarian section

• Vaginal contraceptive sponge

• Vaginal discharge

• Vaginal fornix

• Vaginal hysterectomy

• Vaginal infection, bacterial

• Vaginal introitus

• Vaginal membrane

• Vaginal opening

• Vaginal spermicide

• Vaginal vestibule

• Vaginal yeast infection

• Vaginitis

• Vaginitis, atrophic

• Vaginitis, yeast

• Vaginoscopy

• Vaginosis, bacterial

• Vagus nerve

• Val

• Valdecoxib

• Valetudinarian

• Valga

• Valgum

• Valgus

• Valine

• Vallecula

• Valley fever

• Valsalva

• Valsalva maneuver

• Valsalva, Antonio Maria

• Value, Daily

• Valve, aortic

• Valve, bicuspid

• Valve, mitral

• Valve, pulmonary

• Wart

• Wart, genital

• Wart, venereal

• Warts, plantar

• Wasp sting

• Wasting

• Watchful waiting

• Water

• Water blister

• Water channel

• Water fluoridation

• Water hammer pulse

• Water intoxication

• Water on the brain

• Water pore

• Water requirements, infant

• Water retention

• Waterborne bacterial disease

• Watermelon

• Watermelon stomach

• Watson

• Watson, James

• Wax dip

• Wax, ear

• WBC

• WBS

• WDWN

• Weasand

• Weaver syndrome

• Weaver's bottom

• Weaver-Smith syndrome.

• Wegener's granulomatosis

• Weighing, hydrostatic

• Weighing, underwater

• Weight loss

• Weight Watchers

• Weil syndrome

• Weissenbacher-Zweymuller syndrome

• Wellcovorin

• Welt

• Werner syndrome

• Xanthelasma

• Xanthine

• Xanthinuria

• Xanthoma

• Xanthoma tendinosum

• Y (in chemistry)

• Y (in genetics)

• Y chromatin

• Y chromosome

• Y chromosome infertility

• Y chromosome sex-determining region

• Y map

• Y sex-determining region

• Y-linkage

• Y-linked

• Y-linked gene

• Y-linked inheritance

• Y. pestis

• YAC

• YAG laser surgery

• YAMA

• Yard

• Yawn

• Yawning

• Yaws

• yd.

• Yeast

• Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)

• Yeast diaper rash

• Yeast genome

• Yeast infection

• Yeast rash

• Yeast syndrome

• Yeast vaginitis

• Yeast vulvitis

• Yellow enzyme, Warburg's

• Yellow enzymes

• Yellow fever

• Yellow fever vaccination

• Yellow jack

• Yellow jacket sting

• Yerba mate

• Yersinia

• Yersinia enterocolitica

• Yersinia pestis

• Yersinia pestis genome

• Yersiniosis

• Yoga

• Yogurt

• Yolk sac

• Yolk stalk

• Youth

• Youth violence

• Yttrium

• Z chromosome

• Zaleplon

• ZAP-70

• Zebra

• Zeitgeber

• Zellweger syndrome

• Zenker diverticulum

• Zenker's diverticulum

• Zhitai

• Zhong Wei Chen

• Zhong-Wei Chen

• Zidovudine

• Zidovudine triphosphate

• ZIFT

• Zinc

• Zinc acetate

• Zinc deficiency

• Zinc deficiency dermatitis and diarrhea

• Zinc excess

• Zinc finger

• Zinc finger protein 9

• Zinc ointment

• Zinc oxide

• Zinc sulfate

• Zinc-finger protein

• Zinsser disease

• ZIP code, protein

• ZNF9

• Zoll

• Zoll, Paul M.

• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

• Zolmitriptan

• Zolpidem

• Zomig

• Zona

• Zona pellucida

• Zone Diet

• Zoonosis

• Zoonotic

• Zoonotic disease

• Zoonotic transfer

• Zooparasite

• Zoophilia

MEDICAL ESTEOLOGY

Osteology: The Humerus

(Arm Bone)

The humerus (Figs. 207, 208) is the longest and largest bone of the upper extremity; it is divisible into a body and two extremities.

Upper Extremity.—The upper extremity consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles.

The Head (caput humeri).—The head, nearly hemispherical in form, 54 is directed upward, medialward, and a little backward, and articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. The circumference of its articular surface is slightly constricted and is termed the anatomical neck, in contradistinction to a constriction below the tubercles called the surgical neck which is frequently the seat of fracture. Fracture of the anatomical neck rarely occurs.

The Anatomical Neck (collum anatomicum) is obliquely directed, forming an obtuse angle with the body. It is best marked in the lower half of its circumference; in the upper half it is represented by a narrow groove separating the head from the tubercles. It affords attachment to the articular capsule of the shoulder-joint, and is perforated by numerous vascular foramina.

The Greater Tubercle (tuberculum majus; greater tuberosity).—The greater tubercle is situated lateral to the head and lesser tubercle. Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions: the highest of these gives insertion to the Supraspinatus; the middle to the Infraspinatus; the lowest one, and the body of the bone for about 2.5 cm. below it, to the Teres minor. The lateral surface of the greater tubercle is convex, rough, and continuous with the lateral surface of the body. 5

The Lesser Tubercle (tuberculum minus; lesser tuberosity).—The lesser tubercle, although smaller, is more prominent than the greater: it is situated in front, and is directed medialward and forward. Above and in front it presents an impression for the insertion of the tendon of the Subscapularis. 6

The tubercles are separated from each other by a deep groove, the intertubercular groove (bicipital groove), which lodges the long tendon of the Biceps brachii and transmits a branch of the anterior humeral circumflex artery to the shoulder-joint. It runs obliquely downward, and ends near the junction of the upper with the middle third of the bone. In the fresh state its upper part is covered with a thin layer of cartilage, lined by a prolongation of the synovial membrane of the shoulder-joint; its lower portion gives insertion to the tendon of the Latissimus dorsi. It is deep and narrow above, and becomes shallow and a little broader as it descends. Its lips are called, respectively, the crests of the greater and lesser tubercles (bicipital ridges), and form the upper parts of the anterior and medial borders of the body of the bone. 7

The Body or Shaft (corpus humeri).—The body is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces. 8

Borders.—The anterior border runs from the front of the greater tubercle above to the coronoid fossa below, separating the antero-medial from the antero-lateral surface. Its upper part is a prominent ridge, the crest of the greater tubercle; it serves for the insertion of the tendon of the Pectoralis major. About its center it forms the anterior boundary of the deltoid tuberosity; below, it is smooth and rounded, affording attachment to the Brachialis. 9

The lateral border runs from the back part of the greater tubercle to the lateral epicondyle, and separates the anterolateral from the posterior surface. Its upper half is rounded and indistinctly marked, serving for the attachment of the lower part of the insertion of the Teres minor, and below this giving origin to the lateral head of the Triceps brachii; its center is traversed by a broad but shallow oblique depression, the radial sulcus (musculospiral groove). Its lower part forms a prominent, rough margin, a little curved from behind forward, the lateral supracondylar ridge, which presents an anterior lip for the origin of the Brachioradialis above, and Extensor carpi radialis longus below, a posterior lip for the Triceps brachii, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the lateral intermuscular septum. 10

The medial border extends from the lesser tubercle to the medial epicondyle. Its upper third consists of a prominent ridge, the crest of the lesser tubercle, which gives insertion to the tendon of the Teres major. About its center is a slight impression for the insertion of the Coracobrachialis, and just below this is the entrance of the nutrient canal, directed downward; sometimes there is a second nutrient canal at the commencement of the radial sulcus. The inferior third of this border is raised into a slight ridge, the medial supracondylar ridge, which becomes very prominent below; it presents an anterior lip for the origins of the Brachialis and Pronator teres, a posterior lip for the medial head of the Triceps brachii, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the medial intermuscular septum. 11

Surfaces.—The antero-lateral surface is directed lateralward above, where it is smooth, rounded, and covered by the Deltoideus; forward and lateralward below, where it is slightly concave from above downward, and gives origin to part of the Brachialis. About the middle of this surface is a rough, triangular elevation, the deltoid tuberosity for the insertion of the Deltoideus; below this is the radial sulcus, directed obliquely from behind, forward, and downward, and transmitting the radial nerve and profunda artery. 12

The antero-medial surface, less extensive than the antero-lateral, is directed medialward above, forward and medialward below; its upper part is narrow, and forms the floor of the intertubercular groove which gives insertion to the tendon of the Latissimus dorsi; its middle part is slightly rough for the attachment of some of the fibers of the tendon of insertion of the Coracobrachialis; its lower part is smooth, concave from above downward, and gives origin to the Brachialis.

The posterior surface appears somewhat twisted, so that its upper part is directed a little medialward, its lower part backward and a little lateralward. Nearly the whole of this surface is covered by the lateral and medial heads of the Triceps brachii, the former arising above, the latter below the radial sulcus. 14

The Lower Extremity.—The lower extremity is flattened from before backward, and curved slightly forward; it ends below in a broad, articular surface, which is divided into two parts by a slight ridge. Projecting on either side are the lateral and medial epicondyles. The articular surface extends a little lower than the epicondyles, and is curved slightly forward; its medial extremity occupies a lower level than the lateral. The lateral portion of this surface consists of a smooth, rounded eminence, named the capitulum of the humerus; it articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone. On the medial side of this eminence is a shallow groove, in which is received the medial margin of the head of the radius. Above the front part of the capitulum is a slight depression, the radial fossa, which receives the anterior border of the head of the radius, when the forearm is flexed. The medial portion of the articular surface is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. The lateral border separates it from the groove which articulates with the margin of the head of the radius. The medial border is thicker, of greater length, and consequently more prominent, than the lateral. The grooved portion of the articular surface fits accurately within the semilunar notch of the ulna; it is broader and deeper on the posterior than on the anterior aspect of the bone, and is inclined obliquely downward and forward toward the medial side. Above the front part of the trochlea is a small depression, the coronoid fossa, which receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the forearm. Above the back part of the trochlea is a deep triangular depression, the olecranon fossa, in which the summit of the olecranon is received in extension of the forearm. These fossæ are separated from one another by a thin, transparent lamina of bone, which is sometimes perforated by a supratrochlear foramen; they are lined in the fresh state by the synovial membrane of the elbow-joint, and their margins afford attachment to the anterior and posterior ligaments of this articulation. The lateral epicondyle is a small, tuberculated eminence, curved a little forward, and giving attachment to the radial collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, and to a tendon common to the origin of the Supinator and some of the Extensor muscles. The medial epicondyle, larger and more prominent than the lateral, is directed a little backward; it gives attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, to the Pronator teres, and to a common tendon of origin of some of the Flexor muscles of the forearm; the ulnar nerve runs in a groove on the back of this epicondyle. The epicondyles are continuous above with the supracondylar ridges. 15

Structure.—The extremities consist of cancellous tissue, covered with a thin, compact layer (Fig. 209); the body is composed of a cylinder of compact tissue, thicker at the center than toward the extremities, and contains a large medullary canal which extends along its whole length. 16

Ossification (Figs. 210, 211).—The humerus is ossified from eight centers, one for each of the following parts: the body, the head, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the capitulum, the trochlea, and one for each epicondyle. The center for the body appears near the middle of the bone in the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends toward the extremities. At birth the humerus is ossified in nearly its whole length, only the extremities remaining cartilaginous. During the first year, sometimes before birth, ossification commences in the head of the bone, and during the third year the center for the greater tubercle, and during the fifth that for the lesser tubercle, make their appearance. By the sixth year the centers for the head and tubercles have joined, so as to form a single large epiphysis, which fuses with the body about the twentieth year. The lower end of the humerus is ossified as follows. At the end of the second year ossification begins in the capitulum, and extends medialward, to form the chief part of the articular end of the bone; the center for the medial part of the trochlea appears about the age of twelve. Ossification begins in the medial epicondyle about the fifth year, and in the lateral about the thirteenth or fourteenth year. About the sixteenth or seventeenth year, the lateral epicondyle and both portions of the articulating surface, having already joined, unite with the body, and at the eighteenth year the medial epicondyle becomes joined to it.

Note 54. Though the head is nearly hemispherical in form, its margin, as Humphry has shown, is by no means a true circle. Its greatest diameter is, from the top of the intertubercular groove in a direction downward, medialward, and backward. Hence it follows that the greatest elevation of the arm can be obtained by rolling the articular surface in this direction—that is to say, obliquely upward, lateralward, and forward.

Note 55. A small, hook-shaped process of bone, the supracondylar process, varying from 2 to 20 mm. in length, is not infrequently found projecting from the antero-medial surface of the body of the humerus 5 cm. above the medial epicondyle. It is curved downward and forward, and its pointed end is connected to the medial border, just above the medial epicondyle, by a fibrous band, which gives origin to a portion of the Pronator teres; through the arch completed by this fibrous band the median nerve and brachial artery pass, when these structures deviate from their usual course. Sometimes the nerve alone is transmitted through it, or the nerve may be accompanied by the ulnar artery, in cases of high division of the brachial. A well-marked groove is usually found behind the process, in which the nerve and artery are lodged. This arch is the homologue of the supracondyloid foramen found in many animals, and probably serves in them to protect the nerve and artery from compression during the contraction of the muscles in this region.

Medical instrument

Medizinische Instrumente im antiken Griechenland

Physicians who cut, burn, stab and rack the sick, demand a fee for it which they do not deserve to get. Heraclitus

A bag of a physician with various medical instruments

Scalpels, Hooks, a Bone Forceps and Uvula Crushing Forceps.

Bone Drills, Catheters (S-shaped for males, straight for females) and a Vaginal Speculum.

Instruments were used for examining injuries, for making small incisions, for gynecological examinations using the speculum and even for abortions such as described by Hippocrates. Double-level forceps were used as tooth extraction devices at least since 300 BC.

Not always instruments were available. Alexander the Great was accompanied during ahis expedition by physicians among which Critodemus of Cos. Some consider him as a bodyguard of Alexander but he is reported to carried out some operations in lack of medical instruments with the help of his sword.

Galen describes medical instruments used by Greeks and Romans. The medical surgical instruments were made of iron, copper or copper alloys. The instruments were used to remove stones from the bladder as described in the Hippocratic books using the forceps. The ancient Greeks inserted a hollow metal tube through the urethra into the bladder to empty it and the tube came to be known as a catheter made of copper or lead, straight for women and S-shaped for men.

Recently Greek archaeologists discovered in Abdera evidence of a skilled surgeon who practiced skull surgery centuries before Hippocrates. http://www.archaeology.org/0603/abstracts/surgery.html/

Medical instruments excavated at Abdera

Herophilos (or Herophilus) of Chalcedon (about 280 BC) is said to have constructed a portable waterclock used to measure the pulse of patients.

The waterclock of Herophilos (Mitteilung zur Geschichte der Medizin)

Looking at these instruments we understand why surgery has not been a popular topic in the history of medicine, perhaps because one needs a strong stomach to work even as a historian in this area. As Celsus said of the ideal surgeon, ‘Now a surgeon should be youthful, or at any rate nearer youth than old age, with a strong and steady hand that never trembles, and ready to use the left hand as well as the right; with vision sharp and clear, and spirit undaunted; filled with pity, so that he wishes to cure his patient, yet is not moved by his cries to go too fast or cut less than is necessary, but he does everything just as if the cries of pain cause him no emotion’

Iapyx the mythological son of Daedalus or Lycaon Aeneas' healer during the Trojan war (who escaped to Italy after the war and founded Apulia) removing an arrowhead from Aeneas thigh using a forceps. Aenas is shown with his young crying son Iulus Ascanius. Even of divine origin Iapyx is not successful and Aphrodite his mother intervenes (the woman behind Iapyx) by giving her son a herb from the island of Crete (or Asia?), dittany, to be used to heal the wound. 1st century AD Pompeii Fresco See Norman Simms, The Healing of Aeneas and Menelaus: Wound-Healers in Ancient Greek and Classical Roman Medicine

Venus as Physician: Aen. 12.411–19

Cupping vessel

A stele of the physician Jason of Athens with the text... 'Jason, also known as Decimus, of the Archarnian deme ..., Jason examines a child, with an unnaturally enlarged stomach. To the right a cupping vessel is shown (scale exaggerated) which when heated is used to draw blood or pus from a wound. Cupping, an ancient therapy was used until the 19th century assumed to restore the balance of the body’s humours. The vessel when heated created a partial vacuum that made it stick to the body surface by suction. This raised a weal on the skin (dry cupping) or drew out blood (wet cupping) if it was set over cuts.

Votive table representing cupping and bleeding instruments from Temple of Asclepius at Athens. In centre is represented a folding case containing scalpels of various forms. On either side are cupping vessels.

Syringe

Syringe (Greek “pyulkos”, Latin “pyulcus”, i.e. “pus puller”) first description by Hero of Alexandria. The cylinder-and-pistol syringe was created by Ctesibius. Used to drain pus out of pimples, boils, and infected wounds.

The Spoon of Diokles (Diocleus cyathiscus) (κυαθίσκος του Διοκλέους )

Image Source

Bernd Karger, Hubert Sudhues, Bernd Brinkmann, Arrow Wounds: Major Stimulus in the History of Surgery, World Journal of Surgery 25, Number 12 2001 , 1550 - 1555, Springer (PDF File for subscribers)

Diokles (or Diocles) of Carystus (Διοκλής ο Καρύστιος) ( fl. 360-330 BC)

Reconstruction of Philip II, the father of Alexander the Great, from the skull found by Manolis Andronikos. Philip II lost his right eye hit by an arrow during a battle (18 years later he was killed at the wedding of his daughter Cleopatra).

According to Pliny the Elder Philip’s surgeon Kritoboulos, prevented the serious disfiguring of the king’s face after Philip of Macedon lost his eye in the Siege of Methone. He used a specialized surgical instrument for removal of arrows, known as “the spoon of Diokles” after its inventor Diocles of Carystus, a student of Aristotle.

But take me safely back to my black ship,

cut the arrow from my thigh, and with warm water

wash away the black blood there, then rub on

fine soothing medication, whose use, they say,

Achilles taught you, an art he learned

from Chiron, most righteous of the Centaurs.

Iliad Book 11

Arrow-Wounds.--According to Otis the illustrious Baron Percy was wont to declare that military surgery had its origin in the treatment of wounds inflicted by darts and arrows; he used to quote Book XI of the Iliad in behalf of his belief, and to cite the cases of the patients of Chiron and Machaon, Menelaus and Philoctetes, and Eurypiles, treated by Patroclus; he was even tempted to believe with Sextus that the name iatros, medicus, was derived from ios, which in the older times signified "sagitta," and that the earliest function of our professional ancestors was the extraction of arrows and darts. An instrument called beluleum was invented during the long Peloponnesian War, over four hundred years before the Christian era. It was a rude extracting-forceps, and was used by Hippocrates in the many campaigns in which he served. His immediate successor, Diocles, invented a complicated instrument for extracting foreign bodies, called graphiscos, which consisted of a canula with hooks. Otis states that it was not until the wars of Augustus that Heras of Cappadocia designed the famous duck-bill forceps which, with every conceivable modification, has continued in use until our time. Celsus instructs that in extracting arrow-heads the entrance-wound should be dilated, the barb of the arrow-head crushed by strong pliers, or protected between the edges of a split reed, and thus withdrawn without laceration of the soft parts. According to the same authority, Paulus Aegineta also treated fully of wounds by arrow-heads, and described a method used in his time to remove firmly-impacted arrows. Albucasius and others of the Arabian school did little or nothing toward aiding our knowledge of the means of extracting foreign bodies. After the fourteenth century the attention of surgeons was directed to wounds from projectiles impelled by gunpowder. In the sixteenth century arrows were still considerably used in warfare, and we find Pare a delineating the treatment of this class of injuries with the sovereign good sense that characterized his writings. As the use of firearms became prevalent the literature of wounds from arrows became meager, and the report of an instance in the present day is very rare.

Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine by George M. Gould and Walter L. Pyle

Various volumes in the Corpus Hippocrates had relevance to Orthopedics. One such volume is the one on joints. Here dislocation of the shoulder was described together with the various methods used in reduction. There were also sections describing the reduction of acromioclavicular, temporomandibular, knee, and hip and elbow joint dislocations. The correction of clubfoot was described. The problem of infection after compound fractures was described and treated with pitch cerate and wine compresses without forcible bandaging. Probing into any compound fracture was avoided.

• Hippocrates had a thorough understanding of fractures. He knew of the principles of traction and counter-traction. He developed special splints for fractures of the tibia, similar to external fixation. Hippocrates also developed the Hippocratic bench or scamnum. Of all the developments that Hippocrates has given to us, his careful clinical observation and rationale thinking must be particularly commended.

Hippocratic treatment of spine injuries—the rack system and the technique of using gravity to straighten the spine. From Hippocrates: The Genuine Works of Hippocrates (translated by Adams F). London: Sydenham Society, 1844, Vol 2.

The so-called Hippocratic bench or scamnum was converted from a healing device later into a torture device, the rack. (On Joints)

Translation for medical terminology :

Aarskog sindrom

• Aarskog-Scott syndrome

• Aase-Smith sindrom saya

• Aase-Smith sindrom II

• Abate

• Pengurangan

• Singkatan, resep

• Abdomen

• Abdomen, akut

• abdomen

• aneurisma abdomen

• aorta abdomen

• aneurisma aorta abdomen

• rongga perut

• abdomen menjaga

• abdomen histerektomi

• sindrom defisiensi otot abdomen

• otot perut

• Nyeri abdomen

• Abducent saraf

• Penculikan

• penculik otot

• penculik disfonia hebat

• Aberasi

• ABG (gas darah arteri)

• Abiological

• abiotik

• Abiotrophy

• mengikis

• Ablation

• Ablation, endometrium

• Abnormal

• ABO golongan darah

• abortifacient

• Aborsi

• Aborsi, buatan

• Aborsi, kebiasaan

• Aborsi, induksi

• Aborsi, beberapa

• Aborsi, berulang

• Aborsi, spontan

• Aborsi, terapi

• Abortive

• Abortive polio

• ABR (respon batang otak pendengaran)

• tes ABR

• Abraham-man

• Abrasi

• Abrin

• Baker kista

• Baker's ragi

• Saldo

• Saldo, asam-basa

• Saldo, rasa

• Balanitis

• Balanitis, circinate

• balanoposthitis

• Balantidiasis

• Balantidium

• Kebotakan

• Kebotakan, merata

• Ball-and-socket joint

• Balloon angioplasty

• Balloon tamponade

• Bambino

• Ban zhi lian

• Band, kromosom

• Band, T

• Banding kromosom

• Bannayan sindrom

• Bar chart

• Bar graph

• Barbara McClintock

• Barbat kopiah

• Barber gatal

• bariatrik

• bariatrik dokter

• bariatrik operasi

• Bariatrician

• Bariatrics

• Barium

• Barium Enema

• Barium enema x-ray

• Barium solusi

• Barium menelan

• Barker, Albert Horace

• Barlow sindrom

• Baroparesis

• Barosinusitis

• Barotitis

• barotrauma

• barotrauma, berhubung dgn telinga

• barotrauma, sinus

• Barr tubuh

• esofagus Barrett

• Barrett's esophagus

• Kelenjar Bartholin

• Bartonella Quintana

• Bartter sindrom

• Basal sel karsinoma

• Cal

• Cal (Kalori)

• Calabresi, Paulus

• calamine

• Calcaneal memacu

• Calcaneocuboid bersama

• kalkaneus

• kalsifikasi bursitis

• pengapuran

• pengapuran, otak nonarteriosclerotic

• granuloma kalsifikasi

• Calcimimetic

• calcinosis

• Calcipotriene

• Calcitonin

• Calcitriol

• Kalsium

• Kalsium channel blocker

• Kalsium kekurangan

• Kalsium kelebihan

• kalkuli

• bate, ginjal

• Kalkulus

• Kalkulus, ginjal

• Calefacient

• Calf

• Calf tulang

• Caliciviridae

• calicivirus

• jangka lengkung

• kaliber, kulit

• Calla

• risa

• Kalus

• Kalor

• Kalor, dolor, rubor, dan tumor

• Kalori

• Camelpox

• kamisol

• cAMP-dependent protein kinase

• Camphechlor

• Campion, Thomas

• Campylobacter jejuni

• campylobacteriosis

• Penyakit Canavan

• Kanker

• diabetes xanthoma

• Diabulimia

• diakronis

• Studi diakronis

• Diagnosis

• Diagnosis, diferensial

• Diagnosis, retrospektif

• Diagnostik mammogram

• dialektis terapi perilaku

• Dialisis

• Dialisis mesin

• Dialisis, peritoneal

• Ruam popok

• Ruam popok, ragi

• Diafragma (kontrasepsi)

• Diafragma (otot)

• Diafragma mondar-mandir

• hernia diafragma

• diafragma mondar-mandir

• Diare

• Diare dan dermatitis, defisiensi seng

• Diare, antibiotik yang disebabkan

• Diare, Brainerd

• Diare, E. coli hemorrhagic

• Diare, rotavirus

• Diare, perjalanan

• diastol

• diastolik

• Diastrophic displasia

• Diatermi

• diatesis

• Dibenzoxazepine

• disentrik kromosom

• Dicysteine

• Apakah tidak menghadiri (DNA)

• DIDMOAD

• dieldrin

• Emboli

• Embolisme

• Embolisme, menyeberangi

• Embolisme, Lemak

• Embolisme, paradoks

• Embolisme, paru

• Embolisasi

• embolus

• Embrio

• karsinoma embrional

• embrio hemoglobin

• Darurat KB

• kode Darurat

• Kontrasepsi Darurat

• Darurat departemen

• teknisi medis darurat

• Darurat dokter

• Kontrasepsi darurat postcoital

• tinja

• inkontinensia tinja

• tinja okultisme tes darah

• Fecalith

• Tinja

• subur

• Fekunditas

• Badan Manajemen Darurat Federal

• Biaya untuk layanan

• Feed kontaminan

• Komentar

• Makanan tabung

• Makanan, payudara

• Kaki

• Felty sindrom

• Felty Sindrom

• FEMA

• Wanita

• Female kondom

• Wanita eksternal alat kelamin

• Female genitalia

• Wanita gonad

• Wanita internal genitalia

• Wanita organ reproduksi

• Wanita disfungsi orgasmik

• Wanita panggul

• Wanita meatus uretra

• Wanita membuka uretra

• Femara

• Femicide

• Femoral

• Femoral arteri

• Femoral kepala, nekrosis avaskular dari

• vena femoralis

• Tulang Paha

• Fenestration

• Fenfluramine

• Feritin

• Ferrocalcinosis, serebrovaskular

• Ferroniere

Pusat Penelitian klinis • Umum

• Umum paresis

• Generalized gangguan kecemasan

• Generalized kejang tonik-klonik

• Generik

• obat Generik

• Nama Generik, obat

• Gen

• Gen, kanker payudara asal kerentanan

• Genetik

• Genetik antisipasi

• Kode Genetik

• genetik konseling

• Genetik konselor

• Genetik diskriminasi

• Penyakit genetik

• Genetik kekebalan penyakit

• Genetik imprinting

• agranulositosis genetik infantil

• Genetik krisis

• Genetik skrining

• Genetik pengujian

• Genetik transformasi

• Genetik transportasi cacat

• Genetik transposisi

• Genetika

• Genetika penyakit Parkinson

• Genetika, forensik

• Genetika, transplantasi

• genital

• genital herpes

• genital kutil

• Genitalia

• Genitalia, ambigu

• Genitalia, perempuan

• Genitalia, perempuan eksternal

• hypercapnia

• hiperkarbia

• Hyperchloremia

• Hiperkolesterolemia

• hiperkoagulabilitas, estrogen terkait

• hiperkoagulasi negara

• Hyperconscious

• Hyperekplexia

• Hiperemesis gravidarum

• Hyperexplexia

• Hyperextensible

• Hiperglikemia

• hyperglycemic respon

• Hypergraphia

• Hypergraphic

• Hiperhidrosis

• Hiperhidrosis, aksila

• Hiperhidrosis, palmoplantar

• Hyperhidrotic

• hiperkalemia

• Hyperlexia

• Hiperlipidemia

• Hypermagnesemia

• Hypermnesia

• hipermobilitas sindrom

• hipernatremia

• hyperopia

• hiperosmolar

• Hyperosmolarity

• Hyperostosis

• Hyperoxaluria

• Hiperparatiroidisme

• Hyperphosphatemia

• Hiperpigmentasi

• hiperplasia

• hiperplasia prostat, nodular

• hiperplasia prostat jinak

• hiperplasia endometrium

• Hipertensi

• Immunogenetics

• Immunoglobulin

• Immunoglobulin A

• Immunoglobulin D

• Immunoglobulin E

• Immunoglobulin G

• Immunoglobulin M

• imunologi

• Imunologi

• Immunopig

• Imunosupresan

• imunosupresi

• imunosupresif

• agen imunosupresif

• Imunoterapi

• Imunoterapi, alergi

• immunotoksin

• Dampak

• Impaction, gigi

• Gangguan toleransi glukosa

• imperforata anus

• Impetigo

• Implan

• Implan, batang otak

• Implan, koklea

• Implan defibrilator jantung

• Implan alat pacu jantung

• Implantasi

• Implantasi, benih

• implisit memori

• Impotensi

• Pencantuman, genom

• Pencantuman, psikologis

• impulsif

• Bersama, lutut

• Bersama, patellofemoral

• Bersama, bahu

• Bersama, temporomandibula

• Bersama, TM

• Sendi tubuh, pokok

• Jordi Casals-Ariet

• Joseph Warshaw

• Joshua Lederberg

• Jurnal Investigasi Klinis

• Journal of American Medical Association

• Jurnal Institut Kanker Nasional

• Journal, medis, Amerika pertama

• Jurnal, medis

• jugularis

• urat merih

• jugularis vena, eksternal

• jugularis vena, internal

• Julius Axelrod

• Jumper's lutut

• junctional epidermolysis bullosa

• titik

• Juni dingin

• Junk DNA

• Fikih, medis

• Juvenile

• Juvenile arthritis kronis, sistemik-onset

• Juvenile myelogenous leukemia kronis

• Juvenile CML

• Juvenile diabetes

• Juvenile hialin fibromatosis

• Kiddie cam

• Kiddie-cam

• Kiddiecam

• Ginjal

• Kanker ginjal

• Ginjal Dis, Nat'l Inst Diabetes dan Pencernaan

• Penyakit ginjal penyaringan

• Infeksi ginjal pada anak-anak

• Ginjal pelingkupan

• batu Ginjal

• Batu ginjal, sistin

• transplantasi ginjal

• Penyakit Kikuchi

• Kilobase

• kilokalori

• Kimmelstiel-Wilson penyakit

• Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome

• Kinder-cam

• Kindercam

• Kindred

• Kinesin

• Kinetic

• Kinetika

• Raja jahat

• Kingella kingae

• keriting rambut sindrom

• Kinome

• Laporan Kinsey

• Kekerabatan

• Kirklin

• Kirklin, John W.

• Kiss

• Kissing bug

• Penyakit Kissing

• Kit, persediaan bencana

• Kit, bantuan darurat

• Klebsiella

Kleine-Levin • sindrom

• Sindrom Klinefelter

• LAC ensefalitis

• Laserasi

• lakrimal

• kelenjar lakrimal

• lakrimasi

• LaCrosse ensefalitis

• Laktase

• Laktase kekurangan

• Laktat dehidrogenase

• Laktasi

• laktat asidosis

• Lactobacillus

• Lactobacillus acidophilus

• Laktosa

• laktosa intoleransi

• Lacuna

• LAM

• Lamarckisme

• DOMBA sindrom

• Lambert-Eaton syndrome miasthenik

• lamella

• Lamin A

• Lamin A / C

• Lamina

• Laminaria

• Laminectomy

• Laminopathy

• LaMontagne

• Lancet

• Lancet perangkat

• Lancet, The

• lancing perangkat

• Landau-Kleffner sindrom

• Landry ascending paralysis

• Landry's ascending kelumpuhan

• Longsor cedera

• achondrogenesis Saldino Langer-jenis

• Langerhans, pulau dari

• Lansing virus

• lanugo

• laparoskop

• Minor kelenjar ludah

• Minot-Von Willebrand Penyakit

• Miosis

• Mirna

• Mirror, mulut

• Keguguran

• Keguguran, beberapa

• Ketidaksesuaian perbaikan

• missense mutasi

• Kutu

• Tungau, debu

• Tungau-ditanggung tifus

• Miticide

• Mitokondria

• mitokondria

• mitokondria cytopathy, Kearns-Sayre jenis

• Penyakit mitokondria

• mitokondria DNA

• mitokondria ensefalopati, Melas

• genom mitokondria

• mitokondria warisan

• miopati mitokondria

• mitokondria

• Mitosis

• mitosis

• mitosis nondisjunction

• Mitral insufisiensi

• mitral prolapse

• Mitral Regurgitasi

• katup Mitral

• mitral valve prolapse

• Mittelschmerz

• Campuran negara bipolar

• Campuran Penyakit jaringan ikat

• Campuran mania

• Saraf, tengkorak

• yg menenangkan

• Sindrom saraf usus

• Sistem saraf, otonom

• Sistem saraf, pusat (SSP)

• Sistem saraf, manusia

• Sistem saraf, parasimpatis

• Sistem saraf, perifer (PNS)

• Sistem saraf, simpatik

• Nervus m.

• Neti pot

• Syaraf

• Neural foramen

• Neural tube cacat

• Neuralgia

• Neuralgia, ciliary

• Neuralgia, wajah

• Neuralgia, migrainous

• Neuralgia, postherpetic

• Neuralgia, sphenopalatine

• Neuralgia, vidian

• neuraminidase inhibitor

• Neurectomy

• Neurinoma, akustik

• neuritis

• gangguan neurobiologis

• Neuroblastoma

• neurocysticercosis

• Neurodegeneration dengan otak akumulasi besi

• neurodermatitis

• neuroendokrin

• neuroendokrin kanker kulit

• Neuroendocrinology

• Neuroepithelial

• Osteoclasis

• osteoklas

• Osteoclastoma

• Osteocyte

• osteodistrofi

• osteodistrofi, ginjal

• osteogenesis

• osteogenesis imperfecta

• osteogenesis imperfecta congenita

• osteogenesis imperfecta tarda

• osteogenesis imperfecta tipe 1

• osteogenesis imperfecta tipe 2

• osteogenesis imperfecta dengan sclerae biru

• osteogenesis, elektrik dirangsang

• osteoid osteoma

• ilmu tulang

• osteolitik

• osteolitik lesi

• osteomalacia

• Osteomyelitis

• Osteonecrosis

• osteopati

• Osteopathy

• Osteopenia

• Osteopetrosis

• Osteoporosis

• osteosarcoma

• Osteosynthesis

• Osteotomy

• Osteotomy, blok

• Osteotomy, runcing

• Osteotomy, perpindahan

• Ostomy

• Oswald Theodore Avery

• perikardial kantung

• perikardial tamponade

• Perikarditis

• perikardium

• perikardium, parietal

• perikardium, visceral

• Pericentric kromosom inversi

• Perichondrial

• Perichondritis

• Perichondrium

• Perichondroma

• Perilingual

• Perimenopause

• Perinatal

• Perinatal transmisi

• Perinatologist

• Perinatologi

• Perineal

• Perineal prostatektomi

• Perineum

• Periode, kehamilan

• Periode, inkubasi

• periodik pantang

• periodik bernapas

• demam periodik

• periodontal

• Penyakit periodontal

• Periodontik

• Periodontitis

• Perionychia

• Perionychium

• perioperatif

• periosteal

• Periosteoma

• periosteum

• Periostitis

• Periostoma

• Peripheral

• Penyakit arteri perifer

• darah perifer transplantasi sel induk

• mual

• Queensland tick tifus

• Mempercepat

• ketenangan

• diam

• quinacrine

• Quincke Penyakit

• Kina

• yg berusia limapuluh tahun

• Quinsy

• Quintan demam

• Quintox

• yg terjadi setiap hari

• Resistance, aspirin

• Resistance, insulin

• Resistance, paru

• Resistance, pembuluh darah

• Resolusi

• mengisap

• resorpsi

• Respirasi

• Pernapasan

• Pernapasan penyakit, akut

• Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

• Respiratory distress sindrom, akut

• Pernapasan kegagalan

• Pernapasan insufisiensi

• Pernapasan papillomatosis, berulang

• Pernapasan Tingkat

• Virus Respiratory syncytial

• Sistem pernapasan

• Pernapasan terapis

• Pernapasan Terapi

• Respon, Babinski

• Respon, hyperglycemic

• Respon, plantar

• Istirahat

• restenosis

• Fase Istirahat

• Restitusi

• Resah kaki sindrom

• Resah kaki

• Pembatasan endonuklease

• enzim restriksi

• polimorfisme panjang fragmen restriksi

• Pembatasan peta

• Pembatasan situs

• menghidupkan

• Resuscitation

• Resveratrol

• Sindrom Sjogren

• sindrom Sjogren-Larsson

• SJS

• rangka

• rangka displasia

• otot rangka

• Skeleton

• Skeleton, tulang

• Kulit

• Abses Kulit

• Biopsi Kulit

• Kulit jangka lengkung

• Kulit warna

• Penyakit Kulit, National Institute of ...

• Kulit erosi

• Kulit graft

• Kulit korupsi, alogenik

• Kulit korupsi, autogenic

• Kulit korupsi, komposit

• Kulit graft, full-ketebalan

• Kulit korupsi, mesh

• Kulit korupsi, gagang bunga

• Kulit korupsi, mencubit

• Kulit korupsi, babi

• Kulit graft, split-ketebalan

• Kulit plak

• Kulit tag

• Kulit tes untuk alergi

• Kulit uji untuk kekebalan

• Kulit, rendam air panas, sindrom

• Kulit, tato dari

• Skittles

• Skittling

• Skull

• Skull, rambut-on-end

• kopiah

• Skute barbata

• SKY (kariotip hantu)

• memuaskan

• Trabecula

• Trakea

• Trachelectomy

• Tracheoesophageal tusukan

• Trakeostomi

• Tombol Trakeostomi

• Trakeostomi tabung

• Trachoma

• Traksi

• Traction, ortopedi

• Obat Tradisional Cina

• Tradisional bidan

• Obat Tradisional oriental

• Pelatihan, lintas

• Sifat

• Trait, dominan mematikan

• Trait, sel sabit

• obat penenang

• Trans lemak

• Trans asam lemak

• Trans-(awalan)

• transaminase biokimia

• transaminase Penggunaan klinis

• transaminase nomenklatur

• transaminase, serum glutamat oksaloasetat

• transaminase, serum glutamat piruvat (SGPT)

• Transcranial

• Transcranial stimulasi magnetik

• Transkripsi

• Faktor Transkripsi

• Transkriptome

• transcriptomik

• transdifferentiation

• Transducer

• Uricaciduria

• uridin monofosfat

• Urinalisis

• urin

• urin kalkulus

• Urinary incontinence

• kencing infeksi pada anak-anak

• saluran kemih

• Infeksi saluran kemih

• infeksi saluran kemih pada anak-anak

• urin urgensi

• kencing, membakar

• kencing, kesulitan

• kencing, menyakitkan

• Urine

• Urine darah

• Urine hemoglobin

• Urine infeksi pada anak-anak

• pH Urine

• UROD

• UROD kekurangan

• Urogastrone

• urogenital

• Urography

• urolithiasis

• ahli bedah Urologi

• urologis

• Uroporphyrinogen dekarboksilase

• Uroporphyrinogen dekarboksilase kekurangan

• Urothelium

• Urtikaria

• Urtikaria pigmentosa

• Vagina

• Vagina, septate

• vagina lahir setelah bagian Cesarian

• spons kontrasepsi vagina

• Vaginal discharge

• vagina forniks

• histerektomi vagina

• vagina infeksi, bakteri

• introitus vagina

• membran vagina

• membuka vagina

• spermisida vagina

• vagina ruang depan

• infeksi ragi vagina

• Vaginitis

• Vaginitis, atrofi

• Vaginitis, ragi

• Vaginoscopy

• Vaginosis, bakteri

• saraf vagus

• Val

• Valdecoxib

• penderita cacat

• Valga

• Valgum

• valgus

• valine

• Vallecula

• Valley demam

• Valsava

• Valsava manuver

• Valsava, Antonio Maria

• Nilai, Harian

• Valve, aorta

• Valve, bikuspid

• Valve, mitral

• Valve, paru

• wart

• wart, kelamin

• wart, kelamin

• warts, plantar

• Tawon menyengat

• Wasting

• Waspada menunggu

• Air

• Air lecet

• Air saluran

• Air fluoridation

• Air palu nadi

• Air keracunan

• Air di otak

• Air pori

• Air persyaratan, bayi

• Air retensi

• Air penyakit bakteri

• Semangka

• Semangka perut

• Watson

• Watson, James

• Wax dip

• Wax, telinga

• WBC

• WBS

• WDWN

• Weasand

• Weaver sindrom

• Weaver bawah

• Weaver sindrom-Smith.

• Wegener granulomatosis

• Berat, hidrostatik

• Berat, bawah air

• Berat badan

• Weight Watchers

• Sindrom Weil

• Weissenbacher-Zweymuller sindrom

• Wellcovorin

• Welt

• Werner syndrome

• Xanthelasma

• Xanthine

• Xanthinuria

• Xanthoma

• Xanthoma tendinosum

• Y (dalam kimia)

• Y (dalam genetika)

• Y kromatin

• kromosom Y

• kromosom Y infertilitas

• Y kromosom seks-penetapan kawasan

• Y peta

• Y seks-penetapan kawasan

• Y-linkage

• Y-linked

• Y-linked gen

• Y-linked warisan

• Y. pestis

• YAC

• YAG laser bedah

• YAMA

• Yard

• Menguap

• Menguap

• yaws

• yd.

• Ragi

• kromosom Ragi buatan (YAC)

• Ragi ruam popok

• Ragi genom

• Infeksi Ragi

• Ragi ruam

• Ragi sindrom

• Ragi vaginitis

• Ragi vulvitis

• Kuning enzim, Warburg

• Kuning enzim

• Demam Kuning

• Kuning demam vaksinasi

• Kuning jack

• Kuning jaket sengatan

• Yerba mate

• Yersinia

• Yersinia enterocolitica

• Yersinia pestis

• Yersinia pestis genom

• Yersiniosis

• Yoga

• Yogurt

• yolk sac

• tangkai kuning telur

• Pemuda

• Pemuda kekerasan

• Itrium

• Z kromosom

• Zaleplon

• ZAP-70

• Zebra

• Zeitgeber

• Sindrom Zellweger

• Zenker diverticulum

• Zenker's divertikulum

• Zhitai

• Zhong Wei Chen

• Zhong-Wei Chen

• Zidovudine

• Zidovudine trifosfat

• ZIFT

• Zinc

• Zinc asetat

• Seng kekurangan

• Seng kekurangan dermatitis dan diare

• Seng kelebihan

• Seng jari

• Seng jari protein 9

• Seng salep

• Seng oksida

• Zinc sulfat

• Zinc-jari protein

• Penyakit Zinsser

• Kode Pos, protein

• ZNF9

• Zoll

• Zoll, Paul M.

• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

• Zolmitriptan

• Zolpidem

• Zomig

• Zona

• Zona pelusida

• Zona Diet

• zoonosis

• zoonosis

• Penyakit zoonosis

• zoonosis transfer

• Zooparasite

• Zoophilia